出版商 Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg Gm

Cover for Valentin E Brimkov · Combinatorial Image Analysis: 12th International Workshop, IWCIA 2008, Buffalo, NY, USA, April 7-9, 2008, Proceedings - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Combinatorial Image Analysis: 12... (2008)

Valentin E Brimkov

Cover for Gianfranco Capriz · Mathematical Models of Granular Matter - Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Mathematical Models of Granular ... (2008)

Gianfranco Capriz

Cover for Denis Auroux · Symplectic 4-Manifolds and Algebraic Surfaces: Lectures given at the C.I.M.E. Summer School held in Cetraro, Italy, September 2-10, 2003 - Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Symplectic 4-Manifolds and Algeb... (2008)

Cover for Rudiger Liersch · Angiogenesis Inhibition - Recent Results in Cancer Research (Hardcover Book) [2010 edition] (2009)

Angiogenesis Inhibition - Recent... (2009)

Rudiger Liersch

Cover for Monica Baia · Raman and SERS Investigations of Pharmaceuticals (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Raman and SERS Investigations of... (2008)

Cover for Pierre Lamon · 3D-Position Tracking and Control for All-Terrain Robots - Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

3D-Position Tracking and Control... (2008)

Cover for Edgar N. Sanchez · Discrete-Time High Order Neural Control: Trained with Kalman Filtering - Studies in Computational Intelligence (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Discrete-Time High Order Neural ... (2008)

Edgar N. Sanchez

Cover for Gemma Bel-enguix · New Developments in Formal Languages and Applications - Studies in Computational Intelligence (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

New Developments in Formal Langu... (2008)

Gemma Bel-enguix

Cover for Computational Intelligence: a Compendium - Studies in Computational Intelligence (Hardcover Book) (2008)

Computational Intelligence: a Co... (2008)

Cover for Christian Blum · Hybrid Metaheuristics: An Emerging Approach to Optimization - Studies in Computational Intelligence (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Hybrid Metaheuristics: An Emergi... (2008)

Cover for Ying Liu · Advances of Computational Intelligence in Industrial Systems - Studies in Computational Intelligence (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Advances of Computational Intell... (2008)

Cover for Rainer Brosch · Portfolios of Real Options - Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Portfolios of Real Options - Lec... (2008)

Cover for Da Ruan · Intelligent Decision and Policy Making Support Systems - Studies in Computational Intelligence (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Intelligent Decision and Policy ... (2008)

Cover for Xuzhu Wang · Mathematics of Fuzziness: Basic Issues - Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing (Hardcover Book) (2009)

Mathematics of Fuzziness: Basic ... (2009)

Cover for Jan O. Fischer · Kostenbewusstes Konstruieren: Praxisbewahrte Methoden und Informationssysteme fur den Konstruktionsprozess (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Kostenbewusstes Konstruieren: Pr... (2008)

Cover for Daniele Boffi · Mixed Finite Elements, Compatibility Conditions, and Applications: Lectures given at the C.I.M.E. Summer School held in Cetraro, Italy, June 26 - July 1, 2006 - Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Mixed Finite Elements, Compatibi... (2008)

Cover for Herman Bruyninckx · European Robotics Symposium 2008 - Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

European Robotics Symposium 2008... (2008)

Herman Bruyninckx

Cover for Ludger Schmidt · Ergonomie Und Mensch-Maschine-Systeme (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Ergonomie Und Mensch-Maschine-Sy... (2008)

Cover for Thomas Hempel · Usability of Speech Dialog Systems: Listening to the Target Audience - Signals and Communication Technology (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Usability of Speech Dialog Syste... (2008)

Cover for Multimodal User Interfaces: From Signals to Interaction - Signals and Communication Technology (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Multimodal User Interfaces: From... (2008)

Cover for Jean-Michel Lourtioz · Photonic Crystals: Towards Nanoscale Photonic Devices (Hardcover Book) [2nd ed. 2008 edition] (2008)

2nd ed. 2008 edition

Photonic Crystals: Towards Nanos... (2008)

Jean-Michel Lourtioz

Cover for Gunter Knieps · Wettbewerbsokonomie: Regulierungstheorie, Industrieokonomie, Wettbewerbspolitik - Springer-Lehrbuch (Paperback Book) [3., durchges. u. aktualisierte Aufl. 2008 edition] (2008)

3., durchges. u. aktualisierte Aufl. 2008 edition

Wettbewerbsokonomie: Regulierung... (2008)

Cover for Oliver Civelli · Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Novel Neuropeptides - Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Orphan G Protein-Coupled Recepto... (2008)

Cover for Frederick Marcus · Bioinformatics and Systems Biology: Collaborative Research and Resources (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Bioinformatics and Systems Biolo... (2008)

Frederick Marcus

Cover for Stefan Dithmar · Fluorescence Angiography in Ophthalmology: Fluorescein Angiography, Indocyanine Green Angiography, Fundus Autofluorescence (Hardcover Book) (2008)

Fluorescence Angiography in Opht... (2008)

Cover for Jacek Banasiak · Multiscale Problems in the Life Sciences: From Microscopic to Macroscopic - Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Multiscale Problems in the Life ... (2008)

Cover for Lars Hakanson · Tools and Criteria for Sustainable Coastal Ecosystem Management: Examples from the Baltic Sea and Other Aquatic Systems - Environmental Science (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Tools and Criteria for Sustainab... (2008)

Cover for Thomas Braun · Investition Und Finanzierung (Paperback Book) [2009 edition] (2008)

Investition Und Finanzierung (2008)

Cover for Alfred Hassner · Synthesis of Heterocycles via Cycloadditions I - Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Synthesis of Heterocycles via Cy... (2008)

Cover for William R. Hersh · The Euro, Inflation and Consumers' Perceptions: Lessons from Italy (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

The Euro, Inflation and Consumer... (2008)

William R. Hersh

Cover for Alfred Hassner · Synthesis of Heterocycles via Cycloadditions II - Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Synthesis of Heterocycles via Cy... (2008)

Cover for Claude Gamel · On Kolm's Theory of Macrojustice: A Pluridisciplinary Forum of Exchange (Hardcover Book) [2011 edition] (2010)

On Kolm's Theory of Macrojustice... (2010)

Cover for Shai M.j. Haran · Arithmetical Investigations: Representation Theory, Orthogonal Polynomials, and Quantum Interpolations - Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Paperback Book) (2008)

Arithmetical Investigations: Rep... (2008)

Shai M.j. Haran

Cover for Essentials of Pediatric Endoscopic Surgery (Hardcover Book) [2009 edition] (2008)

Essentials of Pediatric Endoscop... (2008)

Cover for Bradly J. Condon · Global Lessons from the AIDS Pandemic: Economic, Financial, Legal and Political Implications (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Global Lessons from the AIDS Pan... (2008)

Bradly J. Condon

Cover for Paolo Samori · STM and AFM Studies on (Bio)molecular Systems: Unravelling the Nanoworld - Topics in Current Chemistry (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

STM and AFM Studies on (Bio)mole... (2008)

Cover for Wolfgang Stalzle · Anlaufmanagement in der Automobilindustrie erfolgreich umsetzen: Ein Leitfaden fur die Praxis - VDI-Buch (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Anlaufmanagement in der Automobi... (2008)

Wolfgang Stalzle

Cover for Alexander Voitkiv · Relativistic Collisions of Structured Atomic Particles - Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Relativistic Collisions of Struc... (2008)

Alexander Voitkiv

Cover for Robert L. Bard · Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI Atlas of Prostate Cancer (Hardcover Book) [2009 edition] (2008)

Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI At... (2008)

Cover for Michael Nosonovsky · Multiscale Dissipative Mechanisms and Hierarchical Surfaces: Friction, Superhydrophobicity, and Biomimetics - NanoScience and Technology (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Multiscale Dissipative Mechanism... (2008)

Michael Nosonovsky

Cover for Kshudiram Saha · The Earth's Atmosphere: Its Physics and Dynamics (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

The Earth's Atmosphere: Its Phys... (2008)

Cover for Methods and Tools for Effective Knowledge Life-Cycle-Management (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Methods and Tools for Effective ... (2008)

Cover for Brigitte Grass · Schritt Fur Schritt Zur Erfolgreichen Prasentation (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Schritt Fur Schritt Zur Erfolgre... (2008)

Cover for Public Key Cryptography - Pkc 2008: 11th International Workshop on Practice and Theory in Public-key Cryptography, Barcelona, Spain, March 9-12, 2008, Proceedings - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Paperback Book) (2008)

Public Key Cryptography - Pkc 2... (2008)

Cover for Joachim Biskup · Security in Computing Systems: Challenges, Approaches and Solutions (Hardcover Book) [2009 edition] (2008)

Security in Computing Systems: C... (2008)

Cover for Ulrich Bick · Digital Mammography - Medical Radiology (Hardcover Book) [2010 edition] (2009)

Digital Mammography - Medical Ra... (2009)

Cover for Radiotherapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma (Hardcover Book) [2011 edition] (2010)

Radiotherapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma (2010)

Cover for Hendrik Blockeel · Inductive Logic Programming: 17th International Conference, Ilp 2007, Corvallis, Or, Usa, June 19-21, 2007, Revised Selected Papers - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Paperback Book) (2008)

Inductive Logic Programming: 17t... (2008)

Hendrik Blockeel

Cover for L Bouge · Euro-par 2007 Workshops - Parallel Processing: Hppc 2007, Unicore Summit 2007, and Vhpc 2007, Rennes, France, August 28-31, 2007, Revised Selected Papers - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Paperback Book) (2008)

Euro-par 2007 Workshops - Parall... (2008)

Cover for F Bonchi · Privacy, Security and Trust in Kdd: First Acm Sigkdd International Workshop, Pinkdd 2007, San Jose, Ca, Usa, August 12, 2007, Revised, Selected Papers - Lecture Notes in Computer Science / Information Systems and Applications, Incl. Internet / Web, and Hc (Paperback Book) (2008)

Privacy, Security and Trust in K... (2008)

Cover for Xavier Lurton · An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics: Principles and Applications - Springer Praxis Books (Hardcover Book) [2nd ed. 2010 edition] (2010)

2nd ed. 2010 edition

An Introduction to Underwater Ac... (2010)

Cover for Qing-Guo Wang · PID Control for Multivariable Processes - Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

PID Control for Multivariable Pr... (2008)

Cover for Adam Kasperski · Discrete Optimization with Interval Data: Minmax Regret and Fuzzy Approach - Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Discrete Optimization with Inter... (2008)

Cover for Elbert Hendricks · Linear Systems Control: Deterministic and Stochastic Methods (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Linear Systems Control: Determin... (2008)

Elbert Hendricks

Cover for Tsau Young Lin · Data Mining: Foundations and Practice - Studies in Computational Intelligence (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Data Mining: Foundations and Pra... (2008)

Cover for Slawomir Wiak · Intelligent Computer Techniques in Applied Electromagnetics - Studies in Computational Intelligence (Hardcover Book) (2008)

Intelligent Computer Techniques ... (2008)

Cover for George a Tsihrintzis · Multimedia Services in Intelligent Environments: Advanced Tools and Methodologies - Studies in Computational Intelligence (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Multimedia Services in Intellige... (2008)

George a Tsihrintzis

Cover for Sergio Albeverio · SPDE in Hydrodynamics: Recent Progress and Prospects: Lectures given at the C.I.M.E. Summer School held in Cetraro, Italy, August 29 - September 3, 2005 - C.I.M.E. Foundation Subseries (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

SPDE in Hydrodynamics: Recent Pr... (2008)

Sergio Albeverio

Cover for Strang, Gilbert (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Wissenschaftliches Rechnen - Masterclass (Paperback Book) [2010 edition] (2010)

Wissenschaftliches Rechnen - Mas... (2010)

Strang, Gilbert (Massachusetts I...

Cover for Roberto Amadio · Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures: 11th International Conference, FOSSACS 2008, Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2008, Budapest, Hungary, March 29 - April 6, 2008, Proceedi (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Foundations of Software Science ... (2008)

Cover for Jean-Jacques Pierre Henry · The Testing Network: An Integral Approach to Test Activities in Large Software Projects (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

The Testing Network: An Integral... (2008)

Jean-Jacques Pierre Henry

Cover for Volker Sperschneider · Bioinformatics: Problem Solving Paradigms (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Bioinformatics: Problem Solving ... (2008)

Volker Sperschneider

Cover for Gunter Fandel · Ubungsbuch zur Produktions- und Kostentheorie - Springer-Lehrbuch (Paperback Book) [3., verb. Aufl. 2008 edition] (2008)

3., verb. Aufl. 2008 edition

Ubungsbuch zur Produktions- und ... (2008)

Cover for Elisabetta Barbi · How Long Do We Live?: Demographic Models and Reflections on Tempo Effects - Demographic Research Monographs (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

How Long Do We Live?: Demographi... (2008)

Elisabetta Barbi

Cover for Ran Canetti · Theory of Cryptography: Fifth Theory of Cryptography Conference, Tcc 2008, New York, Usa, March 19-21, 2008, Proceedings - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Paperback Book) (2008)

Theory of Cryptography: Fifth Th... (2008)

Cover for Nadia Nedjah · Quantum Inspired Intelligent Systems - Studies in Computational Intelligence (Hardcover Book) (2008)

Quantum Inspired Intelligent Sys... (2008)

Cover for Applications of Computational Intelligence in Biology: Current Trends and Open Problems - Studies in Computational Intelligence (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Applications of Computational In... (2008)

Cover for Ana Carpio · Inverse Problems and Imaging: Lectures Given at the C.i.m.e. Summer School Held in Martina Franca, Italy, September 15-21, 2002 - Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Paperback Book) (2008)

Inverse Problems and Imaging: Le... (2008)

Cover for Dick C.A. Bulterman · SMIL 3.0: Flexible Multimedia for Web, Mobile Devices and Daisy Talking Books - X.media.publishing (Hardcover Book) [2nd ed. 2009 edition] (2008)

2nd ed. 2009 edition

SMIL 3.0: Flexible Multimedia fo... (2008)

Dick C.A. Bulterman

Cover for Daniel Veit · Enterprise Applications and Services in the Finance Industry: 3rd International Workshop, FinanceCom 2007, Montreal, Canada, December 8, 2007, Revised Papers - Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Enterprise Applications and Serv... (2008)

Cover for Franz J. Dahlkamp · Uranium Deposits of the World: Europe (Hardcover Book) [1st ed. 2016 edition] (2016)

1st ed. 2016 edition

Uranium Deposits of the World: E... (2016)

Franz J. Dahlkamp

Cover for Franz J. Dahlkamp · Uranium Deposits of the World: USA and Latin America (Hardcover Book) [2010 edition] (2010)

Uranium Deposits of the World: U... (2010)

Franz J. Dahlkamp

Cover for Franz J. Dahlkamp · Uranium Deposits of the World: Asia (Hardcover Book) [2009 edition] (2009)

Uranium Deposits of the World: Asia (2009)

Franz J. Dahlkamp

Cover for Shashi K. Mishra · Invexity and Optimization - Nonconvex Optimization and Its Applications (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Invexity and Optimization - Nonc... (2008)

Shashi K. Mishra

Cover for Reinhold Popp · Zukunftsforschung Und Zukunftsgestaltung: Beitrage Aus Wissenschaft Und Praxis - Zukunft Und Forschung (Hardcover Book) [2009 edition] (2008)

Zukunftsforschung Und Zukunftsge... (2008)

Cover for Theodor G Wyeld · Virtual Systems and Multimedia: 13th International Conference, VSMM 2007, Brisbane, Australia, September 23-26, 2007, Revised Selected Papers - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Virtual Systems and Multimedia: ... (2008)

Theodor G Wyeld

Cover for Jayant R Haritsa · Database Systems for Advanced Applications: 13th International Conference, Dasfaa 2008, New Delhi, India, March 19-21, 2008, Proceedings - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Paperback Book) (2008)

Database Systems for Advanced Ap... (2008)

Jayant R Haritsa

Cover for Thomas Fuchs-Buder · Neuromuskulaeres Monitoring in Klinik und Forschung (Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Neuromuskulaeres Monitoring in K... (2008)

Thomas Fuchs-Buder

Cover for Giulia Di Nunno · Malliavin Calculus for Levy Processes with Applications to Finance - Universitext (Paperback Book) [1st Corrected ed. 2009, Corr. 2nd printing 2009 edition] (2008)

1st Corrected ed. 2009, Corr. 2nd printing 2009 edition

Malliavin Calculus for Levy Proc... (2008)

Giulia Di Nunno

Cover for Dow-mu Koh · Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging: Applications in the Body - Medical Radiology (Hardcover Book) [2010 edition] (2009)

Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging: A... (2009)

Cover for N T Nguyen · Agent and Multi-Agent Systems: Technologies and Applications: Second KES International Symposium, KES-AMSTA 2008, Incheon, Korea, March 26-28, 2008, Proceedings - Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Agent and Multi-Agent Systems: T... (2008)

Cover for Alfonso Di Bartolo · Algebraic Groups and Lie Groups with Few Factors - Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Algebraic Groups and Lie Groups ... (2008)

Alfonso Di Bartolo

Cover for George Rapp · Archaeomineralogy - Natural Science in Archaeology (Hardcover Book) [2nd ed. 2009 edition] (2009)

2nd ed. 2009 edition

Archaeomineralogy - Natural Scie... (2009)

Cover for Hans Mohr · Einfuhrung in (natur-)wissenschaftliches Denken (Paperback Book) [German, 2008 edition] (2008)

German, 2008 edition

Einfuhrung in (natur-)wissenscha... (2008)

Cover for Rudolf Ahlswede · Lectures on Advances in Combinatorics - Universitext (Paperback Book) (2008)

Lectures on Advances in Combinat... (2008)

Rudolf Ahlswede

Cover for Jano Van Hemert · Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization: 8th European Conference, Evocop 2008, Naples, Italy, March 26-28, 2008, Proceedings - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Paperback Book) (2008)

Evolutionary Computation in Comb... (2008)

Jano Van Hemert

Cover for R Woods · Reconfigurable Computing - Architectures, Tools, and Applications: 4th International Workshop, Arc 2008, London, Uk, March 26-28, 2008, Proceedings - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Paperback Book) (2008)

Reconfigurable Computing - Archi... (2008)

Cover for Jacob Benesty · Microphone Array Signal Processing - Springer Topics in Signal Processing (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Microphone Array Signal Processi... (2008)

Cover for Dominik Kuropka · Semantic Service Provisioning (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Semantic Service Provisioning (2008)

Dominik Kuropka

Cover for Joachim Schroeder · Embedded Linux: Das Praxisbuch - X.Systems.Press (Hardcover Book) [2009 edition] (2009)

Embedded Linux: Das Praxisbuch -... (2009)

Joachim Schroeder

Cover for Bioenergetics: Energy Conservation and Conversion - Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Bioenergetics: Energy Conservati... (2008)

Cover for David Riano · Knowledge Management for Health Care Procedures: From Knowledge to Global Care, AIME 2007 Workshop K4CARE 2007, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, July 7, 2007, Revised Selected Papers - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Knowledge Management for Health ... (2008)

Cover for Thomas Ballinghaus · Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds II (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds II (2008)

Thomas Ballinghaus

Cover for Xiaodong Yang · Handover in DVB-H: Investigations and Analysis - Signals and Communication Technology (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Handover in DVB-H: Investigation... (2008)

Cover for Todd B Marder · Contemporary Metal Boron Chemistry I: Borylenes, Boryls, Borane Sigma-Complexes, and Borohydrides - Structure and Bonding (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Contemporary Metal Boron Chemist... (2008)

Cover for Cas Cremers · Operational Semantics and Verification of Security Protocols - Information Security and Cryptography (Hardcover Book) (2012)

Operational Semantics and Verifi... (2012)

Cover for Thomas Tolxdorff · Bildverarbeitung Fur Die Medizin 2008: Algorithmen, Systeme, Anwendungen - Informatik Aktuell (Paperback Book) (2008)

Bildverarbeitung Fur Die Medizin... (2008)

Thomas Tolxdorff

Cover for David L Olson · New Frontiers in Enterprise Risk Management (Paperback Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

New Frontiers in Enterprise Risk... (2008)

Cover for Gunter Effenberg · Selected Systems from Cu-Fe-Si to Fe-N-U - Landolt-Bornstein: Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology - New Series (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Selected Systems from Cu-Fe-Si t... (2008)

Gunter Effenberg

Cover for Craig Macdonald · Advances in Information Retrieval: 30th European Conference on Ir Research, Ecir 2008, Glasgow, Uk, March 30 - April 3, 2008 - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Paperback Book) (2008)

Advances in Information Retrieva... (2008)

Craig Macdonald